Effective Writing in Psychology - Papers, Posters, and Presentations
von: Bernard C. Beins, Agatha M. Beins
Wiley-Blackwell, 2020
ISBN: 9781119722908
Sprache: Englisch
320 Seiten, Download: 3571 KB
Format: PDF, auch als Online-Lesen
geeignet für:
| Cover | 1 | ||
| Title Page | 5 | ||
| Copyright Page | 6 | ||
| Contents | 9 | ||
| Preface to the Third Edition | 14 | ||
| Preface to the Second Edition | 16 | ||
| Preface to the First Edition | 17 | ||
| Chapter 1 Writing Professionally | 21 | ||
| Introduction to Writing in Psychology | 21 | ||
| How Does Professional Writing Differ From Other Kinds of Writing? | 23 | ||
| Using APA Style | 24 | ||
| Making a Credible Argument | 25 | ||
| Different Types of Communication | 26 | ||
| Written Communication | 26 | ||
| Oral Communication | 27 | ||
| Poster Presentations | 27 | ||
| Internet Publishing | 28 | ||
| Effective Communication | 28 | ||
| How to Begin | 29 | ||
| Part I Organizing and Developing Your Ideas and Writing | 31 | ||
| Chapter 2 Formulating Your Ideas | 33 | ||
| Identifying Your Focal Question | 33 | ||
| Locating Relevant Sources | 36 | ||
| Recognizing Multiple Viewpoints | 39 | ||
| Ethical Writing | 40 | ||
| Scholarly Excerpt | 41 | ||
| Attempted Paraphrase | 43 | ||
| Paraphrase Rewrite | 43 | ||
| Chapter 3 Assessing Your Sources | 45 | ||
| The Difference Between Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Literature | 46 | ||
| The Difference Between Popular and Scholarly Sources | 47 | ||
| Who Is the Author? Is the Author an Academic or Professional Who Is Writing about Research That She or He Conducted? How Many Authors Are Listed? | 47 | ||
| Who Is the Audience? Does the Reader Require Technical Knowledge to Understand the Information in the Source? | 47 | ||
| In What Kind of Journal Did Your Source Appear? What Kind of Editorial Process Did the Source Go Through Before Being Published? | 48 | ||
| What Additional Features Does the Source Have? | 48 | ||
| Evaluating Sources | 49 | ||
| Evaluating Internet Sources | 51 | ||
| Chapter 4 How to Conduct a Literature Search | 59 | ||
| Understanding the Purpose of a Literature Search | 59 | ||
| Understanding Library Resources | 61 | ||
| Using Search Engines | 61 | ||
| Academic Journals | 61 | ||
| Library Books | 63 | ||
| Other Library Resources | 64 | ||
| Using Article Databases | 66 | ||
| Using the internet | 68 | ||
| Using Sources to Find Sources | 70 | ||
| Chapter 5 How to Read and Summarize a Journal Article | 71 | ||
| Understanding Journal Articles | 71 | ||
| Overview of the Research—the Abstract | 73 | ||
| Identifying the Issues—Introduction Section | 73 | ||
| Understanding What Was Done—Method Section | 74 | ||
| Subjects and Participants | 75 | ||
| Apparatus and Materials | 75 | ||
| Procedure | 75 | ||
| What Happened—Results Section | 76 | ||
| What It Means—Discussion Section | 79 | ||
| Where the Ideas Originated—References Section | 81 | ||
| Figuring out What It Means | 81 | ||
| Chapter 6 Organizing a Paper | 83 | ||
| Organization | 84 | ||
| Using the Work of Others to Support Your Argument | 86 | ||
| Sources: Credibility and Tone | 87 | ||
| Sources: Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing | 88 | ||
| Editing and Revising | 91 | ||
| Focus | 91 | ||
| Development and Support | 92 | ||
| Organization | 92 | ||
| Mechanics | 93 | ||
| Chapter 7 Elements of Style | 95 | ||
| Recognizing the Importance of Grammar and Style | 96 | ||
| Choosing Effective Wording | 98 | ||
| Using Inclusive and Appropriate Language | 101 | ||
| Deciding on the Use of Technical Language | 103 | ||
| Avoiding Common Problems | 104 | ||
| Apostrophe Use | 104 | ||
| Pronoun Use | 105 | ||
| Verb Forms | 106 | ||
| Spelling | 108 | ||
| Specific Word Use | 108 | ||
| Chapter 8 Communicating Statistics | 115 | ||
| Importance of Understanding Statistics | 115 | ||
| Why Do We Use Statistics? | 116 | ||
| What Point Are You Trying to Make? | 117 | ||
| Understanding Your Numbers | 119 | ||
| Helping Readers Understand Your Statistics | 121 | ||
| Differentiating Results and Interpretations | 124 | ||
| Part II Preparing APA-Style Papers | 125 | ||
| Chapter 9 Writing a Thesis or a Term Paper | 127 | ||
| Framework for Writing a Term Paper | 127 | ||
| Developing Your Idea | 128 | ||
| Filling in a Gap | 128 | ||
| Building on a Particular Study or Studies | 130 | ||
| Exploring Competing Theories | 131 | ||
| Reviewing Published Work | 132 | ||
| Organizing Your Paper Around the Central Questions | 132 | ||
| Use Index Cards | 133 | ||
| Develop Outlines | 134 | ||
| Finding Different Perspectives About Your Idea | 134 | ||
| Developing the Logic of Your Argument | 137 | ||
| Chapter 10 The Introduction Section | 141 | ||
| Introducing the Topic | 142 | ||
| Different Approaches to Starting the Introduction | 142 | ||
| Identifying the Scope, Successes, and Limitations of Previous Research | 143 | ||
| Citing an Actual Event | 143 | ||
| Creating a Fictional Scenario | 143 | ||
| Presenting a Statistic | 144 | ||
| Citing a Quotation | 144 | ||
| Describing Common Occurrences | 145 | ||
| How to Begin | 146 | ||
| Reviewing What Others Have Already Done | 146 | ||
| Reasons for Reviewing the Literature | 147 | ||
| Clarifying Terms in the Research | 148 | ||
| Introducing Your Research: Generating a Hypothesis | 149 | ||
| Chapter 11 The Method Section | 151 | ||
| Participants and Subjects | 152 | ||
| Human Participants | 152 | ||
| Confidentiality of Participants | 158 | ||
| Nonhuman Subjects | 158 | ||
| Attrition | 158 | ||
| Materials and Apparatus | 160 | ||
| Procedure | 162 | ||
| Design | 163 | ||
| Chapter 12 The Results Section | 165 | ||
| Providing a Good Ending | 165 | ||
| Your Hypotheses | 166 | ||
| Deciding What to Present | 167 | ||
| Reporting Significant and Nonsignificant Results | 168 | ||
| Marginally Significant Effects | 170 | ||
| APA Style and Presentation of Your Results | 171 | ||
| Creating Tables | 174 | ||
| Creating Figures | 179 | ||
| The Connection Between the Text and the Tables and Figures | 182 | ||
| The Difference Between Results and Discussion Sections | 184 | ||
| Some Final Points About Presenting Results | 187 | ||
| Chapter 13 The Discussion Section | 189 | ||
| Summarizing Your Results | 190 | ||
| Connecting Different Aspects of Your Results | 191 | ||
| Dealing With Nonsignificant Results | 192 | ||
| Comparing Your Results With Those of Others | 193 | ||
| State the Importance and Implications of Your Results | 194 | ||
| Acknowledging the Limitations of Your Study | 195 | ||
| Chapter 14 References: Citations in the Text and the Reference List | 197 | ||
| Purpose of the References Section | 197 | ||
| Citing References in the Text | 198 | ||
| Citing One or Two Authors | 199 | ||
| Citing Sources With More Than Two Authors | 200 | ||
| Citing Personal Communications | 200 | ||
| Citing Multiple Sources Within Parentheses | 201 | ||
| Order of Citations in the Reference List | 201 | ||
| Using Your Word Processing Program to Create the Citation | 202 | ||
| Examples of How Different Types of References Should Be Laid Out in a Reference List | 203 | ||
| Examples of Different Types of Citations in the Reference List | 208 | ||
| Articles in Periodicals | 208 | ||
| References Involving Books | 210 | ||
| Online Content | 210 | ||
| Presentations | 212 | ||
| Chapter 15 Final Touches: The Abstract and Formatting Details | 215 | ||
| The Abstract | 216 | ||
| Formatting Details | 217 | ||
| Title Page | 218 | ||
| Appendices | 218 | ||
| Footnotes and Notes | 218 | ||
| Section Headings | 220 | ||
| Order of Manuscript Pages | 222 | ||
| Miscellaneous Formatting Details | 223 | ||
| Part III Communicating Beyond the Research Paper | 241 | ||
| Chapter 16 Creating Poster Presentations | 243 | ||
| Differentiating Visual and Written Communication | 244 | ||
| Reducing the Amount of Information | 244 | ||
| Visual Style | 245 | ||
| Your Behavior: The Ethic of a Poster Session | 248 | ||
| Attire | 248 | ||
| Covering Your Poster | 249 | ||
| Creating Your Poster Using PowerPoint | 250 | ||
| Chapter 17 Giving Oral Presentations | 257 | ||
| The Difference Between Oral and Written English | 257 | ||
| Adapting APA Style to Oral Presentations | 262 | ||
| Preparing for Your Talk | 262 | ||
| Creating Graphics for Your Presentation | 264 | ||
| Giving the Presentation | 265 | ||
| Chapter 18 Presenting Your Work on the Internet | 267 | ||
| New Capabilities with Internet Publication | 268 | ||
| Using a Word Processor to Create Manuscripts for the Internet | 269 | ||
| Inserting Images | 272 | ||
| Advantages of Internet Publishing Software | 272 | ||
| Publishing Your Poster on the Web | 274 | ||
| Uploading Your Manuscript to the Internet | 274 | ||
| Chapter 19 Submitting Your Plan to an Ethics Committee | 275 | ||
| Ethical Standards in Research | 276 | ||
| Writing a Proposal for an Institutional Review Board for Research With Human Subjects | 277 | ||
| Abstract | 277 | ||
| What the Participants Will Actually Do | 278 | ||
| Description of Subject Participation | 278 | ||
| Risks and How You Will Deal With Them | 279 | ||
| Risk–Benefit Analysis | 280 | ||
| Benefits of the Study | 280 | ||
| Informed Consent | 280 | ||
| Writing a Proposal for the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) for Animal Research | 282 | ||
| Appendix A Example of APA-Style Manuscript with Common Errors | 285 | ||
| Appendix B Corrected APA-Style Manuscript | 293 | ||
| References | 303 | ||
| Author Index | 315 | ||
| Subject Index | 318 | ||
| EULA | 323 |